\(V_m\) dynamics

Movement onset

The detected movement and rest episodes were filtered and only the episodes longer than 500 ms were kept for further analysis. The movement episodes were also required to follow a rest period of at least 500 ms.

Figure 1. Number of detected movement episodes before and after filtering.

Figure 2. Number of detected rest episodes before and after filtering.

Figure 3. Average high-pass filtered (at 2Hz) rectified EMG data during the onset of movement episodes in all cells.

Figure 4. Membrane potential and action potential dynamics during spontaneous movement initiation. Four epochs of interest are highlighted (Baseline, B; Pre-movement, P; Movement onset, O; and Late Movement, L). The zero time point marks the movement onset. (a) Grand average membrane potential during movement onset in all regions of interest. (b) Average membrane potential during each epoch in all regions of interest. The p-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data. The points represent different cells, and data of the same cell is connected by a line. (c) Peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) of action potential spikes in all regions of interest.

Figure 5. Membrane potential dynamics in different brain areas during movement onset. (a) Grand average membrane potential during movement onset in all regions of interest. Four epochs of interest are highlighted (Baseline, B; Pre-movement, P; Movement onset, O; and Late Movement, L). The zero time point marks the movement onset. (b) Membrane potential change from the baseline during other movement onset stages. (c) Average membrane potential during various stages of movement onset, highlighting the differences between different brain regions. All p-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The points represent different cells.

Movement offset

The detected movement and rest episodes were filtered and only the episodes longer than 500 ms were kept for further analysis. The movement episodes were also required to precede a rest period of at least 500 ms.

Figure 1. Number of detected movement episodes before and after filtering.

Figure 2. Number of detected rest episodes before and after filtering.

Figure 3. Average high-pass filtered (at 2Hz) rectified EMG data during the offset of movement episodes in all cells.

Figure 4. Membrane potential and action potential dynamics during spontaneous movement offset. Four epochs of interest are highlighted (Late Movement, L; Movement offset, O; Post-movement, P; and Baseline, B). The zero time point marks the movement offset. (a) Grand average membrane potential during movement offset in all regions of interest. (b) Average membrane potential during each epoch in all regions of interest. The p-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data. The points represent different cells, and data of the same cell is connected by a line. (c) Peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) of action potential spikes in all regions of interest.

Figure 5. Membrane potential dynamics in different brain areas during movement offset. (a) Grand average membrane potential during movement offset in all regions of interest. Four epochs of interest are highlighted (Late Movement, L; Movement offset, O; Post-movement, P; and Baseline, B). The zero time point marks the movement offset. (b) Membrane potential change from the baseline during other movement offset stages. (c) Average membrane potential during various stages of movement offset, highlighting the differences between different brain regions. All p-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The points represent different cells.